Radiculopathy is a condition caused by the compression, inflammation, or irritation of a nerve root as it exits the spinal column. This disruption can occur anywhere along the spine—cervical (neck), thoracic (upper back), or lumbar (lower back)—and often results from conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs. The primary symptoms include pain, numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness that radiate along the path of the affected nerve. For instance, cervical radiculopathy may cause symptoms in the arms and hands, while
lumbar radiculopathy can affect the legs and feet. These symptoms occur because the nerve roots transmit signals to specific areas of the body, and their impairment disrupts normal function.
Diagnosis of radiculopathy typically involves a combination of a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests such as MRI, CT scans, or X-rays. Electromyography (EMG) may also be used to evaluate nerve and muscle function. Treatment often depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. Conservative approaches, such as physical therapy, anti inflammatory medications, and epidural steroid injections, are common first steps. In severe cases or when symptoms persist despite non-surgical interventions, surgical options like discectomy or spinal decompression may be necessary to relieve pressure on the nerve root and restore function.
