Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus—commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic lining, and sometimes the bladder or bowel. Like the uterine lining, this tissue responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, which can cause inflammation, internal bleeding, scar tissue (adhesions), and significant pelvic pain. Symptoms often include painful periods, pain with intercourse, chronic pelvic or lower back pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and sometimes infertility. The severity of pain does not always match the extent of the disease, which can make diagnosis challenging.
Pain management for endometriosis typically involves a combination of medical, hormonal, and sometimes surgical approaches. First-line treatments often include NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen) to reduce inflammation and discomfort, along with hormonal therapies like birth control pills, progestins, or GnRH agonists to suppress ovulation and slow the growth of endometrial tissue. In more severe cases, laparoscopic surgery may be performed to remove or destroy endometriosis implants and scar tissue. Additional supportive treatments—such as pelvic floor physical therapy, nerve-modulating medications, and lifestyle strategies—can also help improve quality of life. Treatment plans are individualized based on symptom severity, reproductive goals, and response to therapy.
