Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it, causing a misalignment in the spine. This shift can happen anywhere along the spine but is most common in the lower back (lumbar region). It may be caused by a stress fracture, degenerative changes from aging, congenital spine abnormalities, or injury. When the vertebra slips, it can narrow the spinal canal or press on nearby nerves, leading to symptoms such as lower back pain, stiffness, muscle tightness, or pain that radiates into the legs.
The severity of symptoms depends on how much slippage has occurred and whether nerves are affected. Some people may have mild or no symptoms, while others experience significant discomfort and difficulty with movement. Activities like standing, walking, or bending backward can worsen the pain. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through imaging such as X-rays or MRI scans. Treatment often starts conservatively with physical therapy, core strengthening exercises, rest modifications, and pain management strategies, while more severe cases may require injections or surgery to stabilize the spine and relieve nerve pressure.
