Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, particularly the joints. This leads to inflammation, pain, and swelling in the joint linings, often starting in smaller joints like those in the hands and feet. Unlike osteoarthritis, which is due to wear and tear, RA involves the immune system attacking healthy joint tissues, causing damage over time that can eventually erode bones and deform joints. RA typically affects joints symmetrically, meaning if one wrist or knee is affected, the other side usually is as well. Symptoms can come and go, with periods of increased activity known as flares and periods of remission when symptoms diminish.
Over time, RA can affect more than just joints, leading to systemic complications. In some cases, the inflammation can spread to other areas, such as the heart, lungs, or blood vessels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory issues. The exact cause of RA is not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices like smoking are believed to contribute to its development. There is currently no cure for RA, but treatments like medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery aim to manage symptoms, reduce joint damage, and improve the quality of life for those affected. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for slowing the disease’s progression.
